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Reconstructing the Origins of the Dulcken Family:
A Lost Marriage Record, an Unknown Mother, and the Earliest Years of Johann Daniel Dulcken (1706–1757)

Abstract

The early biography of the celebrated harpsichord builder Johann Daniel Dulcken (1706–1757) contains several unresolved questions concerning his parentage and family background. Through a re-examination of parish registers from Berleburg, Wingeshausen, Weisel, St. Goar, and Maastricht, it is possible to reconstruct a previously overlooked episode in the history of the Dulcken family. The evidence demonstrates that an elder son named Johann Daniel was born to Georg Ludwig Dülcken in October 1704, baptised under emergency circumstances, and died shortly thereafter. The future harpsichord builder, born in 1706, appears to have inherited the name of this deceased sibling. The sources further permit the identification of his mother as Johanna Margareta Dülcken, whose maiden name remains unknown. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genealogy of the Dulcken family and illustrate broader patterns of naming practices and family continuity in early eighteenth-century Protestant Germany.

Introduction

Among the most distinguished harpsichord builders of eighteenth-century Europe, Johann Daniel Dulcken occupies a prominent position. His instruments, produced primarily in Antwerp, influenced keyboard construction far beyond the Southern Netherlands and established a dynasty of instrument makers whose descendants remained active throughout the eighteenth century.
Despite his importance, several aspects of his family background remain imperfectly documented. While his father, Georg Ludwig Dülcken (1679–1752), is securely identified in contemporary sources, the identity of his mother and the circumstances surrounding his parents' marriage have received little scholarly attention.
The surviving parish registers permit a partial reconstruction of these missing elements and reveal an unexpected connection between the future instrument maker and an earlier deceased brother bearing the same name.

The Dülcken Family and Confirmation Practice in Berleburg

The family can be traced to Pastor Eberhard Dülcken (ca 1633 - Elverfeldt - † 20 april 1699-Berleburg), rector and later minister in the County of Berleburg.¹
Particularly informative are the confirmation records maintained by Inspector Scheffer after 1702. Scheffer retrospectively entered confirmation dates into earlier baptismal registers and simultaneously established separate confirmation registers. These records reveal that confirmation frequently occurred at ages considerably older than those common today.
Among the fourteen confirmands recorded in 1703, ages ranged from fourteen to nineteen years. Georg Ludwig Dülcken himself was confirmed at the age of seventeen.²
The evidence suggests that delayed confirmation represented normal ecclesiastical practice within the region rather than educational deficiency.

The Marriage at Weisel and the Lost Register

A scan of the baptism record of Johann Daniel, (*) 14 October 1704, Sankt Goar
Met dank aan mevrouw Nagel. Moderator Archion Forum
1704,

"On the evening of the 14th of October at 9 o'clock, Johann Daniel, the son of Mr Georg
Ludwig Dülcken, was baptised in the house. The godfather was
Mr Luther Daniel Maul, the hospital master.
This took place in an emergency, as the child
was very weak, as the wet nurse said.
They were married the day before
in Weissel.

The child died within the
week and
was buried without
ceremony".

The earliest known marriage of Georg Ludwig Dülcken presents an unusual archival problem.
A baptismal entry dated 14 October 1704 records that Georg Ludwig and his wife had been married "the day before" in Weissel.³ Yet the marriage register that should contain this entry no longer survives in complete form.

The relevant portion of the Weisel marriage book covering the years 1689–1710 is missing. The absence of these pages appears to be longstanding, and no contemporary explanation for their loss has been identified.
Consequently, the baptismal entry of October 1704 constitutes the earliest surviving documentary evidence for the marriage.

The First Johann Daniel Dülcken

The same record documents a dramatic event.
On the evening of 14 October 1704, a son was born to Georg Ludwig Dülcken and his wife. Because the infant was reported to be extremely weak, an emergency baptism was performed in the house.
The original entry reads:
"Den 14 8br des Abends um 9 Uhr ist im Hauß getaufft worden Johann Daniel, Herrn Georg Ludwig Dülckens Söhnlein ... Ist im Noth-Fall geschehen, dann das Kindlein sehr schwach gewesen."⁴
The register concludes with a brief but significant note:
"Das Kind ist in der Woch gestorben und ohne Pomp begraben."⁵
This statement leaves little doubt that the child survived only a few days.
The presence of Luther Daniel Maul, identified as Hospitalmeister, among those associated with the baptism suggests a possible connection with the hospital facilities serving the St. Goar area, although the precise circumstances remain uncertain.


The Birth of the Future Harpsichord Builder

transcriptie Dr. Johannes Burkardt
Eodem Ich Georg Ludwig Dülcken einen
Jungen sohn tauffen laßen, gevatter:
mein Schwager Johan Daniel Eberhardi Inspector zu Siegen
mein Bruder Johan Leopold Dülcken, Prae=
ceptore 4 et 3ter Classis in Bremen
mein schwester Anna Catharina.
Ist genant
Johan[n] Daniel.

On the same day, I, Georg Ludwig Dülcken, had
a son baptised; godparents:
my brother-in-law Johan Daniel Eberhardi, Inspector at Siegen
my brother Johan Leopold Dülcken, Prae=
ceptor of the 4th and 3rd classes in Bremen
my sister Anna Catharina.
He is named
Johan[n] Daniel.

A second baptismal entry survives from Wingeshausen.
On 21 April 1706, Georg Ludwig Dülcken presented another son for baptism. The sponsors included Johann Daniel Eberhardi, Inspector at Siegen, Johann Leopold Dülcken, teacher in Bremen, and Anna Catharina Dülcken.⁶
The child was again named Johann Daniel.
Given the documented death of the earlier child, this repetition is unlikely to be accidental. The reuse of names after the death of a child was a widespread practice throughout Protestant Europe and served both practical and commemorative functions.⁷
The second Johann Daniel would later become the renowned harpsichord builder known to history as Johann Daniel Dulcken.



Identifying the Mother

The identity of Johann Daniel Dulcken's mother has remained uncertain in much of the secondary literature.
A significant clue emerges from a baptism recorded in Maastricht on 22 January 1736. During the baptism of Johanna Magdalena, daughter of Johan Christian Dülcken and Anna Christiana Knöpffel, a sponsor is identified as "Frau Dülcken", namely Johanna Margareta Dülcken.⁸
The context strongly indicates that she belonged to the grandparental generation.
This record therefore permits the identification of Georg Ludwig Dülcken's wife as Johanna Margareta Dülcken. Her maiden name, however, remains unknown but is probably Johanna Margaretha Schramm
Since she is documented in January 1736 but appears absent from later family events, it is plausible that she died between 1736 and approximately 1737.

• Was peettante, vermeld als Johanna Margaretha DÜLCKIN, bij de doop van Johan Jacob, (*) 8 jan. 1730 Bad Berleburg, zoon van Christian Kauffmann en Maria Justina.
• Is a godmother, listed as ‘Johanna Margaretha meine Hausfrau’, at the baptism of Johanna Margaretha, (*) 20 Nov 1735 Wingeshausen, daughter of son Carl Ludwig Dülcken and daughter-in-law Maria Catharina N.N.. = this was written by her husband Georg Ludwig Dülcken himself..... !

• Was a godparent, listed as Johanna Margereta DÜLCKEN, at the baptism of Johanna Magdalena, (*) 22 Jan 1736 Maastricht, daughter of son Johan Christian Dülcken and daughter-in-law Anna Christiana Knöpffel.

Wedding
Eberhard Dülcken ( ca 1633 - Elverfeldt - † 20 april 1699 - Berleburg) - Rektor - Pfarrer - Inspektor - Organist
Maria Magdalena Lehr (1647 – 1710). She married Eberhard in 1664 at the age of about 17

Johann Jakob Schramm (* 9. März 1645; † 1729) und dessen Frau Anna Catharina Lehr geb. vor 1652 Tochter des Altbürgermeisters in Berleburg Andreas Lehr (pedigree LEHR)

Johanna Margareta Dülcken (born 1684 – † ??) = Johanna Margareta Schramm?



Aus dem Familienbuch Weisel Band 3

Johann Jakob Schramm was born in Berleburg in 1645 and had studied in Herborn. He subsequently took up a parish post in Girkhausen near Berleburg and married Anna Catharina Lehr, who was also from Berleburg. The couple had at least five children, three of whom later married in Kaub. In 1679, Johann Jakob was appointed pastor in Weisel and moved there with his entire family. In 1680, he was officially introduced to the congregation. He held the post in Weisel for almost forty years, until ten years before his death, experiencing many ups and downs during that time. His work is described in more detail in the book *Das Dorf Weisel II*, pp. 36ff. For years, he had to forgo part of his salary due to the turmoil of war; the family also suffered from the fact that the vicarage was dilapidated and had been inadequately repaired (see *Das Dorf Weisel II*, pp. 165f.). Anna Catharina’s sister, Maria Juliana Lehr, also lived with them for a time. Their son Johann Georg had been born blind; in 1725, their daughter Maria, who remained unmarried, bought a house for him in Weisel in the ‘Entenquack’ district for 100 guilders. The father, Johann Jakob, had taught his children himself; the eldest son, Johann Philipp, was trained as a pastor and was allowed to succeed his father in office in 1719, after the latter had written a letter of appeal to the authorities. The 73-year-old father, Johann Jakob, justified this request by arguing that his wife could not reasonably be expected to have to emigrate ‘to a foreign place’ with her son Johann Georg, who as a child had been ‘struck by a stroke or the hand of God’ and had since become blind and partially lame. Furthermore, his son Johann Philipp had already been assisting him and was popular with the congregation. His son Heinrich studied theology in Herborn and later became a well-known professor there; his gravestone in Herborn’s town church is still preserved today. As much as Johann Jakob devoted himself to his children and his theological studies, he and his son Johann Philipp neglected the church records. Whilst they recorded births more or less completely, there are significant gaps in the marriage records from 1713 onwards, and almost no death entries between 1674 and 1730, nor any confirmation lists. Nor has a single consistory record survived. Johann Jakob died in 1729; the date of Anna Catharina’s death is not recorded. Their daughter Maria died in 1739 at the age of 65, and her brother Johann Georg died in Weisel in 1742 at the age of 71. A year later, her brother Heinrich sold the house in Weisel.


Johann Jakob Schramm war 1645 in Berleburg geboren und hatte in Herborn studiert. Danach hatte er eine Pfarrstelle in Girkhausen bei Berleburg bekommen und die ebenfalls aus Berleburg stammende Anna Catharina Lehr geheiratet. Beide bekamen mindestens fünf Kinder, drei davon heirateten später in Kaub. 1679 war Johann Jakob zum Pfarrer in Weisel berufen worden und mit seiner ganzen Familie dorthin gezogen. 1680 wurde er offiziell der Gemeinde präsentiert. Bis zehn Jahre vor seinem Tod, also fast vierzig Jahre, versah er die Weiseler Pfarrstelle und erlebte viele Höhen und Tiefen in dieser Zeit. Sein Wirken ist ausführlicher beschrieben im Buch Das Dorf Weisel II, S. 36ff. Jahrelang musste er wegen der Kriegswirren auf einen Teils eines Gehaltes verzichten, auch litt die Familie darunter, dass das Pfarrhaus baufällig war und nur unzureichend repariert wurde (s. Das Dorf Weisel II, S. 165f.). Bei ihnen lebte für einige Zeit auch die Schwester von Anna Catharina, Maria Juliana Lehr. Der Sohn Johann Georg war blind auf die Welt gekommen; für ihn kaufte die Tochter Maria, die unverheiratet blieb, 1725 für 100 Gulden ein Haus in Weisel im „Entenquack“. Der Vater Johann Jakob hatte seine Kinder selbst unterrichtet; der älteste Sohn Johann Philipp wurde zum Pfarrer ausgebildet und durfte seinem Vater 1719 im Amt nachfolgen, nachdem dieser einen Bittbrief an die Behörden gerichtet hatte. Der 73jährige Vater Johann Jakob begründet diese Bitte damit, dass man seiner Frau nicht zumuten könne, mit ihrem Sohn Johann Georg, den als Kind „der Schlag oder die Hand Gottes gerührt“ habe, und der seitdem blind und zum Teil lahm geworden sei, auswandern zu müssem „an einen fremden Ort“. Außerdem habe ihm sein Sohn Johann Philipp schon assistiert und sei bei der Gemeinde beliebt. Der Sohn Heinrich studierte Theologie in Herborn und wurde später dort ein bekannter Professor, bis heute ist sein Grabstein in der Herborner Stadtkirche erhalten.
So sehr sich Johann Jakob um seine Kinder und seine theologischen Studien kümmerte, so sehr vernachlässigten er und sein Sohn Johann Philipp die Kirchenbücher. Während sie die Geburten noch einigermaßen vollständig aufzeichneten, gibt es große Lücken bei den Heiraten ab 1713 und fast keine Sterbeeinträge zwischen 1674 und 1730 und keine Konfirmationslisten. Auch ist kein einziges Konsistoriumsprotokoll erhalten. 1729 starb Johann Jakob, wann Anna Catharina starb ist nicht überliefert.
Die Tochter Maria starb 1739 mit 65 Jahren, ihr Bruder Johann Georg 1742 mit 71 Jahren in Weisel. Ein Jahr später verkaufte ihr Bruder Heinrich das Haus in Weisel.

The son of the pastor Johann Jakob Schramm (born 9 March 1645; died 1729) and his wife Anne Catherina, the daughter of Andreas Lehr, the former mayor of Berleburg, was educated by his father until the age of fourteen. In 1690, he continued his education at the University of Herborn, where, after a two-year introductory period, he turned to the study of theology. His teachers there were Johann Heinrich Florin (1650–1700) and Heinrich Horche (1652–1729). He continued his studies in Holland at the University of Franeker. There he attended lectures by Campegius Vitringa the Elder, Hermann Alexander Roëll and Jacob Rhenferd (1654–1712).

De zoon van dominee Johann Jakob Schramm (* 9 maart 1645; † 1729) en zijn vrouw Anne Catherina, de dochter van de voormalige burgemeester van Berleburg, Andreas Lehr, kreeg tot zijn veertiende jaar onderwijs van zijn vader. In 1690 zette hij zijn opleiding voort aan de Hogeschool in Herborn, waar hij zich na een inleidende periode van twee jaar toelegde op de studie van de theologie. Johann Heinrich Florin (1650–1700) en Heinrich Horche (1652–1729) waren daarbij zijn docenten. Hij zette zijn studie voort in Nederland aan de Universiteit van Franeker. Hier woonde hij de colleges bij van Campegius Vitringa de Oudere, Hermann Alexander Roëll en Jacob Rhenferd (1654–1712).

Reformierte/Evangelische Pfarrer WEISEL - period 1679-1719 JOHANN JAKOB SCHRAMM aus Berlenburg

Schramm, Johann Heinrich, der Heiligen Schrifft Doctor. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler: Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften und Künste. Band 35, Leipzig 1743, Sp. 1086–1092.

"Schramm, (Johann Jacob) Prediger zu Weissel im Ober-Amt-Bacharais, war gebohren den 9 Merz 1645 zu Berlenburg. Sein Vater war Johann Schramm, Alt-Bürgermeister und Gerichts-Schöpffe daselbst. Er studierte zu Herborn, Marburg und Heidelberg, und, nachdem er von hohen Schulen zurückgekommen, so wurde er von dem damals regierenden Grafen Georgen zu Witgenstein-Berlenburg zur Unterweisung seines Erb-Sohnes Ludewig Fransgens bestellet. Diese Bedienung verwaltete er zum Vergnügen seiner Herrschaft eine Zeitlang dergestalt, daß er hernach zum Prediger zu Gerckhausen, einem ehemals unter dem Pabstthum wegen einer grossen Wallfahrt bekannten Ort, in der Grafschaft Berlenburg befördert wurde. Von dannen bekam er im Jahr 1679 vom Chur-Pfälzischen Kirchen-Rath, nach gethanem Vorschlag seines ehemaligen Lehrers, des berühmten ersten Mitglieds besag-"

Ursprünglicher Bewohner von Ludwigsburg (ab 1724): Graf Ludwig Franz (1694–1750), nach dem der Komplex schließlich auch benannt wurde.

VIDEO Erbauet hat mich Graf Casimir Eintausend Siebenhundert Zwanzig Vier - Ludwigsburg - MANNUS RIEDESEL

"besagten Raths, des D. und Prof. Johann Ludewig Fabricius, den Beruff nach obengedachtem Weissel, welcher Gemeine er mit Ausschlagung verschiedener anderer ihm angetragenen Pfarr-Stellen 50 Jahr lang mit besonderm Fleiß und Treue, in wahrer Gottseligkeit vorgestanden, da ihm denn in den letzten Jahren sein Sohn Johann Philipp beygefüget worden, der zwar nach ihm die Bedienung behalten, allein dem Vater nicht so gar lange nachgelebet hat. Unser Johann Jacob Schramm ließ sich bey seinem Predigt-Amt auch angelegen seyn, der studirenden Jugend mit seiner Unterweisung zu dienen, daher er denn vieler vornehmer Leute Kinder bey sich im Hause hatte. Er hat im Predigt-Amt 55, im Leben aber beynahe 85 Jahre zugebracht. Es ist merckwürdig, daß er auch 50 Jahre im Ehestande zurückgelegt hat mit Annen Catharinen Lehrin, Andreas Lehren, ehemaligen Hoch-Gräflich Rentmeisters und Alt-Bürgermeisters zu bereits gedachtem Berlenburg, Tochter, welche ihm 8 Kinder, nehmlich 6 Söhne und 2 Töchter, gebohren, davon ausser dem oben in einem besondern Artickel gedachten Johann Heinrich noch 2 Söhne am Leben sind."



Schramm, (Johann Jacob), predikant in Weisel in het district Bacharach, werd geboren op 9 maart 1645 in Berleburg. Zijn vader was Johann Schramm, de voormalige burgemeester en schepen aldaar. Hij studeerde in Herborn, Marburg en Heidelberg en na zijn terugkeer van de universiteit werd hij door de toenmalige graaf Georg van Wittgenstein-Berleburg aangesteld als privéleraar voor diens erfzoon, Ludewig Frans. Hij vervulde deze taak gedurende enige tijd tot grote tevredenheid van de graaf, waarna hij werd gepromoveerd tot predikant in Girkhausen, een plaats in het graafschap Berleburg die voorheen onder het pausdom bekendstond als een belangrijk bedevaartsoord. Van daaruit ontving hij in het jaar 1679 een beroep naar het eerder genoemde Weisel van de kerkraad van de Keur-Palts, op voordracht van zijn voormalige leraar, de beroemde Dr. en Professor Johann Ludewig Fabricius.
Hij leidde deze gemeente 50 jaar lang met bijzondere ijver, trouw en oprechte vroomheid, waarbij hij verschillende andere aangeboden predikantsplaatsen afsloeg. In zijn laatste jaren kreeg hij ondersteuning van zijn zoon, Johann Philipp, die de functie na hem overnam maar zijn vader niet lang overleefde. Johann Jacob Schramm zette zich tijdens zijn ambt ook in voor het onderwijzen van studerende jongeren; hij had de kinderen van vele vooraanstaande mensen bij hem in huis. In totaal was hij 55 jaar werkzaam in het ambt en bereikte hij een leeftijd van bijna 85 jaar. Opmerkelijk is dat hij ook 50 jaar getrouwd was met Anna Catharina Lehr, de dochter van Andreas Lehr, de voormalige rentmeester en burgemeester van Berleburg. Zij schonk hem 8 kinderen (6 zonen en 2 dochters), van wie er naast de in een afzonderlijk artikel genoemde Johann Heinrich nog twee zonen in leven zijn.


Schramm, (Johann Jacob), preacher in Weisel in the district of Bacharach, was born on March 9, 1645, in Berleburg. His father was Johann Schramm, former mayor and magistrate there. He studied in Herborn, Marburg, and Heidelberg, and after returning from university, he was appointed by the then-reigning Count George of Wittgenstein-Berleburg to tutor his heir, Ludwig Franz. He performed this duty to the satisfaction of his lordship for some time, after which he was promoted to preacher in Girkhausen, a place in the county of Berleburg formerly well-known under the papacy for a great pilgrimage. From there, in the year 1679, he received a call to the aforementioned Weisel from the Palatine Church Council, following a nomination by his former teacher, the famous first member of said council, Dr. and Prof. Johann Ludewig Fabricius.
He presided over this congregation for 50 years with exceptional diligence, loyalty, and true godliness, turning down several other pastoral positions offered to him. In his final years, he was joined by his son, Johann Philipp, who took over the office after him but did not survive his father by very long. Our Johann Jacob Schramm also made it his business in his ministry to serve the studying youth with his instruction; consequently, he had the children of many prominent people in his house. He spent 55 years in the ministry and lived to be nearly 85 years old. It is remarkable that he also completed 50 years of marriage with Anna Catharina Lehr, daughter of Andreas Lehr, former rentmaster and mayor of the already mentioned Berleburg. She bore him 8 children, namely 6 sons and 2 daughters, of whom—besides Johann Heinrich, mentioned above in a special article—two sons are still living

St. Goar, the Knöpffel Family, and Family Memory

Heiratseintrag Johann Daniel Dülcken und Susanna Maria Knüpfelin transcriptie Dr. Johannes Burkardt Complete

The marriage of the merchant and trader Johann Daniel Dülcken, son of the pastor Dülcken of Wingeshausen in the county of Berleburg, to Susanna Maria Knüpfelin, daughter of the late Provisions Commissioner and Cathedral Steward Johann Conrad Knüpfel, on 17 December 1733
(The 1733 marriage record states: Archive of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, Boppard, KB 149/1 (St. Goar ref.), p. 287.)

The reconstruction acquires additional significance through Johann Daniel Dulcken's later marriage.
On 17 December 1733, he married Susanna Maria Knöpffel at St. Goar.⁹ The marriage record identifies him as a merchant and legitimate son of Pastor Georg Ludwig Dülcken of Wingeshausen.



Susanna Maria
(Sankt Goar 11 september 1706- † Heerde 12 juni 1789) was the daughter of Johann Conrad Knöpffel, former Proviant-Commissarius and Stiftskellner at St. Goar.¹⁰

Archiv der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland, Boppard - Heirat von Conrad Knöpfel und Regina Magdalena Dirx am 29. April 1695 (KB 149/1, S. 255)

The geographical coincidence is noteworthy. The region associated with the death of the first Johann Daniel in 1704 later became the setting for the marriage of the second Johann Daniel in 1733.
Whether this reflects continuing family contacts or mere coincidence cannot be established from the surviving evidence. Nevertheless, the continuity is striking.

Taufeintrag Susanna Maria Knöpfel - transcriptie Dr. Johannes Burkardt Complete

Den 11 t[en] [Novem]bris wurde Don[n]erstag Nachmittags zwisch[en] 12 u[nd] 1 Uhren nach gehaltener Beth=Stunde in öffentl[icher] Versam[m]lung getaufft Susanna Maria, H[errn] Johann Conrad Knöpffels, Proviant-Com[m]issarii u[nd] Stiffts= Kellners allhier Töchterlein. Gevattern waren Herr Oswald Wollff, Nachgänger am hiesigen Hoch=Fürstl[ichen] Gesam[m]t-Rhein= Zoll, u[nd] Fr[au] Maria Barbara, H[errn] Samuel Kellers, Stadt= Lieutenants allhier ehel[iche] Hauß-Frau, wie auch H[errn] Pfarrers Geissel Fr[au] Eheliebste von Wollroda des H[errn] Vatters Schwester.* * Die letzten 12 Wörter mit blasserer Tinte später nachgetragen.

Susanne Christine Knöpfel, born in 1672, married Andreas Kornemann, a pastor in Dagobertshausen, in her first marriage, and in 1699, in her second marriage, she married Hermann Geißell, a pastor in Wollrode.

1.
It is common for baptism records to list only the father’s name; similarly, marriage records sometimes list only the names of the bride’s and groom’s fathers, and not those of their mothers. This does not imply that the mother held a different religious belief. On the contrary: if the mother had held a different religious belief to the father, this would likely have been explicitly stated in the baptismal certificate.

2.
The entry appears in the parish register of the Reformed congregation of St. Goar. Following the introduction of the Reformation in 1527/28, St. Goar was initially Lutheran, but in 1605, when the House of Hesse-Kassel converted to the Reformed faith, it became Reformed. During the Thirty Years’ War, the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen, to which St. Goar belonged, was taken over by the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, which had remained Lutheran, so that the congregation of St. Goar was Lutheran again from 1626. In the final phase of the Thirty Years’ War, there were renewed military conflicts between Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt over the Lower County of Katzenelnbogen, with the result that from 1649, a Reformed congregation was established alongside the Lutheran one; both held their respective services in the Stiftskirche. This remained the case for the next 168 years, until the Lutheran and Reformed congregations united in 1817.

Conclusion
The sources discussed above permit several conclusions.
First, Georg Ludwig Dülcken married in Weisel on 13 October 1704, despite the loss of the original marriage entry.
Second, a first son named Johann Daniel was born on 14 October 1704, baptised under emergency conditions, and died shortly thereafter.
Third, the future harpsichord builder born in 1706 inherited the name of this deceased sibling in accordance with common early modern naming practice.
Fourth, the available evidence identifies his mother as Johanna Margareta Dülcken, although her birth family remains unknown.
Finally, the documentary record reveals a long-standing connection between the Dülcken family and the St. Goar region extending from 1704 to at least 1733.
Together these findings illuminate an overlooked chapter in the history of one of Europe's most important families of keyboard instrument makers.

Notes

1. Kirchenbuch Berleburg, burial entry of Eberhard Dülcken, 20 April 1699.

2. Confirmations entered by Inspector Scheffer, Berleburg church records, 1702–1703.

3. Baptismal record of Johann Daniel Dülcken, 14 October 1704.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Baptismal record of Johann Daniel Dülcken, Wingeshausen, 21 April 1706.

7. For naming practices in early modern Germany see: Rudolf Schenda, Die Kultur des Namens, Munich, 1993, pp. 118–126.

8. Maastricht baptismal register, 22 January 1736.

9. St. Goar Reformed marriage register, 17 December 1733.

10. St. Goar baptismal register, baptism of Susanna Maria Knöpffel, 11 September 1706.

• KB 149/1, St. Goar (Reformiert).

• Kirchenbücher Berleburg.

• Kirchenbücher Wingeshausen.

• Kirchenbücher Weisel.

• Doopregisters van de Nederduits-Gereformeerde gemeente.

• Existing biographical literature on Johann Daniel Dulcken and the Dulcken family.

• Regional studies concerning the County of Berleburg and the Rhine region.

Joannes Daniel Dulcken 1745 - Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Sammlung alter Musikinstrumente, 726

•. Johannes Daniel Dülcken
(Wingeshausen 21 april 1706 – † Antwerpen 11 april 1757 - begraven Putte) ENGLISH VERSION
&
•.Susanna Maria Knöpffel (Knoepfell, Knöpffel, Knoeffel, Knifflein, Knopfell, Kneffeling)
(Sankt Goar 11 september 1706- † Heerde 12 juni 1789)

•.Johannes Lodewijk (Louis)Dülcken
(Maastricht 15 april 1735 – † after Monday, August 31, 1795) ENGLISH VERSION
&
•.Catrina Kooningh
(Amsterdam 23 januari 1732- † ?)


•.Johannes Dülcken
(Antwerpen 10 september 1742 – † 22 juli 1775) ENGLISH VERSION
&
•.Sara Brull

•.Johannes Lodewijk (Louis) Dülcken
(Amsterdam 9 augustus 1761 – † München 1836). ENGLISH VERSION
&
•.Sophie Lebrun
(London 20 Juli 1781 – † München 23 Juli 1863)